YOGENDRA S. GARUD, Ph.D.
Reliability and Life Assessment

Technical specialties include solving unique engineering problems utilizing knowledge in multi-disciplinary fields of material science, corrosion, oxidation, chemistry, stress analysis, failure analysis, and risk/reliability evaluations. International recognition for work in metal fatigue, cyclic plasticity, and stress corrosion. Development of original software solutions and predictive methods to assess material behavior and component response under service loads and environments. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Sections III and XI. Broad technical background in mechanical engineering with emphasis on machine design and structural integrity evaluation. Application of probabilistic and statistical methods to life prediction, reliability, and decision making under uncertainty. Application of risk-based methodologies to design, construction, operation, and inspection of engineering systems.

Recent work includes ranking and evaluation of hazards, quantification of risks, and design/analysis of deep-sea pipelines; fracture, fatigue, and life assessments of pipelines; assessment of stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue damage, especially in heat exchanger components, piping, and pressure vessels; application of creep and fatigue evaluation methods to life prediction of engineering components; application of, and improvements in, finite element analysis to heat exchanger assemblies and piping; elastic-plastic analysis under combined cyclic loads; assessment of superalloys for high temperature service; inspection planning for flow-accelerated corrosion in piping; and assessment of nickel base alloys/welds in light water environments.

EDUCATION AND PROFESSIONAL BACKGROUND

• Ph.D. (Mechanical Engineering), Stanford University, California (1981)
• M. Tech. (Mechanical Engineering), Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay (1974)
• B. Tech. (Mechanical Engineering), Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay (1972)
• American Society of Mechanical Engineers
• National Association of Corrosion Engineers

SELECTED REPORTS, PUBLICATIONS, AND INVITED LECTURES

Techniques for Improved Reliability of Wall Thinning Estimation, Proceedings of PVP2006ICPVT-11, 2006 ASME Pressure Vessel and Piping Conference, ASME, NY (July 2006).

Tube Repair Projections for St. Lucie Unit 2 Steam Generators: An Update Using NDE Data at End-of-Cycle 14, APTECH Report AES 05025701-1-1 (September 2005).

Condition Monitoring and Operational Assessment for the St. Lucie Unit 2 Steam Generators Based on Eddy Current Examination End of Cycle 14, January 2005, with R. Cipolla and B. Woodman, APTECH Report AES 04055411-1Q-2 (August 2005).

Phase 2C – Pickering A Units 2 and 3 Feeder Piping Life Cycle Evaluation, with R. Cipolla, APTECH Technical Report on Flow Accelerated Corrosion Assessment for Ontario Power Generation, Toronto, Canada (June 2005).

Evaluation of Stress Corrosion Crack Growth Rate Based on Inspection Data on Alloy 600 Tubing, Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Power Systems – Water Reactors, The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendal, PA (2005).

Re-evaluation of the plant-specific data for refined estimation of the ODSCC growth rate – Task 2 Summary Report, APTECH Report AES 04035368-1Q-1 (September 2004).

Probabilistic Burst Model for Multi-Cycle Assessments – Task 1 Summary Report, APTECH Report AES 04035356-1Q-1 (August 2004).

Long-term Assessment of Steam Generator Degradation at Salem Unit 2, and Effects of Temperature Increase on Continued Operation, with K. Craig, APTECH Report AES 03115233-1-1 (March 2004).

Condition Monitoring and Operational Assessment for the St. Lucie Unit 2 Steam Generators, EOC 13, with R. Cipolla and B. Woodman, APTECH Report AES 03024974-1Q-3 (November 2003).

Long-Range Projections for Tube Repairs in Steam Generators at St. Lucie Unit 2, APTECH Report AES 03065086-1-1 (July 2003).

Control of Hydrogen and Related Hazards in BWRs: U.S. Approach, APTECH Report AES 03014941-1-2 (March 2003).

Basis for Evolution of the ATWS Rule and Procedures for Compliance in PWRs: U.S. Approach, APTECH Report AES 03014941-1-1 (February 2003).

Degradation Growth Rates for the St. Lucie Units 1 and 2, and Turkey Point Units 3 and 4 Steam Generators: Update after 2001 Inspections, APTECH Report AES 01104538-1Q-3 (November 2002).

Assessment of Wear in Steam Generator Tubes at San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station Units, with B. Woodman and K. Craig, APTECH Report AES 01084469-1-1 (August 2002).

Degradation Growth Rates for the St. Lucie Units 1 and 2, and Turkey Point Units 3 and 4 Steam Generators, APTECH Report AES 99063725-1Q-6 (March 2000).

Steam Generator Tube Sleeving Prioritization: Update with Data from Refueling Outage 10, with P. Besuner, APTECH Report AES 99033654-1-1 (January 2000).

Steam Generator Tube Sleeving Prioritization, with P. Besuner and J. Grover, APTECH Report AES 98053403-1-2 (August 1999).

An Operational Assessment for the Calvert Cliffs, Unit 2, Steam Generators, with B. Woodman, K. Craig, and R. Cipolla, APTECH Report AES 99033650-1Q-1 (July 1999).

Probability of Burst Prediction Model for Evaluation of Tube Integrity Covering Severe Accidents, with B. Woodman and R. Cipolla, APTECH Report AES 99023613-1-1 (June 1999).

A Simplified Model for SCC Initiation Susceptibility in Alloy 600, with the Influence of Cold Work Layer and Strength Characteristics, in Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Power Systems – Water Reactors, pp. 261-268, The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendal, PA (1999).

Recent Developments in Measurement and Evaluation of FAC Damage in Power Plants, NACE International, Corrosion 99, Paper No. 353, NACE, Houston, TX (April 1999).

Engineering Review of Steam Generator Sleeving Performance and Consideration Specific to San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station Conditions, with J. Fox and P. Berge, APTECH Report AES 97113241-1-1 (October 1998).

Tube Sleeve Progress Report, with P. Besuner, APTECH Report AES 98053403-1-1 (September 1998).

A Simplified Model for Assessment of SCC Initiation Time in Alloy 600, EPRI TR-109137, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (November 1997).

Corrosion Fatigue of Water Touched Pressure Retaining Components, with R. Pathania, et.al., EPRI TR 106696, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (November 1997).

Root Cause Evaluation of Corrosion in Egg-crate Supports at San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station, Unit 3, with Ph. Berge, APTECH Report AES 97043046-1-1 (June 1997).

A Critical Examination and Quantitative Evaluation of the Role of Corrosion Deformation Interaction in Environmentally Assisted Cracking, Corrosion-Deformation Interactions (CDI'96), ed. T. Magnin, European Federation of Corrosion Publications, Vol. 21, pp. 516527, The Institute of Materials, London (1997).

Inspection Based, Long Term Prediction of Steam Generator Specific Tube Degradation for Salem Unit 2 at Outage R9, APTECH Report AES 96042725-1-1 (November 1996).

A Perspective on the Predictive Assessment of Stress Corrosion Cracking in Engineering Applications, InterCorr/96: Power Industry Focus Session (June 1996).

Issues and Modeling Concepts for the Assessment of Local Corrosion on the Secondary Side of Steam Generators, in Proceedings of EPRI/ANL Conference: Control of Corrosion on the Secondary Side of Steam Generators, pp. 209-221, ed. R.W. Staehle, et al., NACE, Houston, Texas (1996).

Hydrazine Chemistry for PWR Secondary Systems and Its Application to Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station, with P. Berge, APTECH Report AES 94062216-1-1 (August 1995).

Statistical Characterization of Physical Variability in Design Inputs for Reliability Assessment of Deep Sea Pipeline, 9300 AXX TN L 1058 (April 1995).

Oman-India Gas Pipeline Phase 2 Risk Report, with E. Zebroski, et. al., 9300-AXX-TN-L0802 (January 1995).

Application of the Strain Rate Damage Model to Simplified and Statistical Predictions of IGSCC, with Dr. A.R. McIlree, in Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Power Systems - Water Reactors, pp. 947-957, NACE, Houston, Texas (1995).

PWSCC of Alloy 600: Mechanisms, Modeling, and Predictions for Service Applications, Proceedings of the EPRI Experts Meeting on Alloy 600 PWSCC, Airlie, Virginia (April 6-9, 1993).

Directions for Research on Corrosion Assisted Cracking Initiation, Proceedings of EPRI Workshop, Palo Alto, California (Principal Editor) (February 1993).

Stress Corrosion Cracking: A Perspective on Research Trends, Trends in Corrosion Research, Council of Scientific Research Integration, Trivandrum, India, Vol. 1, pp. 195-208 (1993).

Role of Mechanics in PLEX: A Technical Perspective, Transactions of the Canadian Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 97-109 (1993).

3D Stress/Deflection Analysis of Tubesheet and U-Tubes, Nuclear Engineering & Design, Vol. 143, pp. 151-158 (with K.E. Watkins) (1993).

Service Stresses in Expansion Transitions of Heat-Exchanger U-Tubes Joints, Nuclear Engineering & Design, Vol. 143, pp. 143-149 (1993).

Analysis and Prediction of Fatigue-Ratcheting: Comparison with Tests and Code Rules, Creep Fatigue, Flaw Evaluation and Leak-Before-Break Assessment, PVP Vol. 266, pp. 2332, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York (ed. Y.S. Garud) (1993).

Cycle Dependent Ratcheting Under Multiaxial Loads Including Bauschinger Effect and Non-Linear Strain Hardening, Multiaxial Fatigue, ASTM STP 1191, pp. 298-309, The American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (eds. D.L. McDowell and R. Ellis) (1993).

Role of Mechanics in Structural Integrity and Corrosion Issues Affecting LWR Plant Life Extension, Engineering Plant Life Assessment – Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Applications of Mechanics, pp. 257-264, University of Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada (eds. M.A. Iwaniw and S.D. Bhole) (May 1992).

A Review and Further Applications of the Incremental Damage Approach for SCC Assessments, Fatigue, Fracture, and Risk, PVP Vol. 241, pp. 1-9, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York (eds. W.H. Bamford, et. al.) (1992).

Notes on Cycle Dependent Ratcheting Under Multiaxial Loads Including Bauschinger Effect and Non-Linear Strain Hardening, Transactions of the 11th Conference on SMiRT, Atomic Energy Society of Japan, Vol. L, pp. 511-518 (ed. Heki Shibata) (1991).

Incremental Damage Formulation and its Application to Assess IGSCC Growth of Circumferential Cracks in a Tube, Corrosion, Vol. 47, No. 7, pp. 523-527 (1991).

Quantitative Evaluation of Environmentally Assisted Cracking: A Survey of Developments and Application of Modeling Concepts, Journal of Pressure Vessel and Technology, Transactions of the American Society Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 113, pp. 1-9 (1991).

An Alternative Interpretation of the Smooth Specimen SCC Test Data and its Implications for Analyzing the Environmental Crack Growth in Engineering Components, Corrosion, Vol. 46, No. 12, pp. 968-974 (1990).

Threshold Stress and Crack Growth Rate Considerations Based on Strain-Rate Damage Model of IGSCC for Alloy 600, with Dr. A.R. McIlree, Proceedings of the International Conference on Environmental-Induced Cracking of Metals, pp. 415-418, NACE, Houston, Texas (1990).

Significance and Integration of Creep Deformation Modeling in the Quantitative Evaluation of Intergranular SCC at Moderate Temperatures, Proceedings of the 10th International Congress on Metallic Corrosion, Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, India, Paper No. 10.44 (1987).

Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking Damage Model: An Approach and its Development for Alloy 600 in High-Purity Water, Corrosion, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 99-105 (1986).

Development of a Physically Based Model for Material Strength and Embrittlement Under HTGR Conditions, with Prof. A.K. Miller, SLI-8604, Final Report on SBIR Program of DOE, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC (April 1986).

Development of a Model for Predicting Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking of Alloy 600 Tubes in PWR Primary Water, EPRI NP-3791, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (January 1985).

Quantitative Evaluation of Environmentally Assisted Crack Initiation and Propagation: Concepts, Their Development and Engineering Application, Predictive Capabilities in Environmentally Assisted Cracking, PVP Vol. 99, pp. 91-106, ASME, New York (ed. R. Rungta) (1985).

Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking of Alloy 600 Tubes in PWR Primary Water – Review and Assessment for Model Development, EPRI NP-3057, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (May 1983).

Development of an Engineering Model for Predicting IGSCC Damage – Particularly in Type 304 Stainless Steel in BWR Water Environments, EPRI NP-2808-LD, Topical Report, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (February 1983).

IGSCC Damage Index – Application of the IGSCC Damage Model to BWR Piping and Components, with Dr. T.L. Gerber and Dr. S.R. Sharma EPRI NP-807-LD, Topical Report, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (January 1983).

An Engineering Model for Predicting Stress Corrosion Cracking, Advances in Life Prediction Methods, pp. 75-83, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York (eds. D.A. Woodford and J.R. Whitehead) (1983).

Prediction of Stress-Strain Response Under General Multiaxial Loading, Mechanical Testing for Deformation Model Development, ASTM STP 765, pp. 223-238, American Society for Testing and Materials (eds. R.W. Rhode and J.C. Swearengen) (1982).

An Engineering Approach for Predicting BWR Piping IGSCC Damage, EPRI NP-2184-LD, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (co-author) (December 1981).

Significance of BWR IGSCC Pipe Cracks within the Primary Containment and Assessment of Multiple Pipe Failures, EPRI NP-2183-LD, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California (co-author) (December 1981).

Multiaxial Fatigue: A Survey of the State of the Art, Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vol. 9, No. 3, American Society for Testing and Materials, pp. 165-178 (May 1981).

Multiaxial Fatigue of Metals, Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University, California (April 1981).

A New Approach to the Evaluation of Fatigue Under Multi-Axial Loadings, Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 103, No. 2, pp. 118-125 (April 1981).